Women and Justice for the Poor: A History of Legal Aid, 1863–1945

This book reexamines fundamental assumptions about the American legal profession and the boundaries between “professional” lawyers, “lay” lawyers, and social workers. Creating a dialogue between legal history and women’s history, it demonstrates that nineteenth-century women’s organizations were the first to offer legal aid to the poor, and that middle-class women, functioning as lay lawyers, provided that assistance. Felice Batlan illustrates that by the early twentieth century, male lawyers had founded their own legal aid societies. These new legal aid lawyers created an imagined history of legal aid and a blueprint for its future in which women played no role and their accomplishments were intentionally omitted. In response, women social workers offered harsh criticisms of legal aid leaders and developed a more robust social work model of legal aid. These different models produced conflicting understandings of legal expertise, professionalism, the rule of law, and, ultimately, the meaning of justice for the poor.